SPOTSYLVANIA COURT HOUSE, VIRGINIA
May 8TH - 18TH, 1864
Company F, 126th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, suffered the
following casualties during the Battle of Spotsylvania:
John J. Armstrong -
Killed May 12, 1864 at Spotsylvania Court House, Virginia
Louis O. Beamer - Wounded at Spottsylvania Court House, Virginia -
Discharged due to wounds on October 24, 1864
John B. Beatty - Killed May 12, 1864 in Spotsylvania Court House, Virginia
Aaron W. Ebright - Wounded May 12, 1864 at Spotsylvania Court House,
Virginia
Francis Asbury Harsh - Wounded May 12, 1864 at Spotsylvania Court House,
Virginia
Jacob Hecathorn - Wounded May 12, 1864 at Spotsylvania Court House,
Virginia - Died of wounds on June 8, 1864
Henry Richardson - Wounded May 12, 1864 at Spotsylvania Court House,
Virginia - Died of wounds on May 15, 1864
Josiah W. Smith - Wounded May 12, 1864 at Spotsylvania Court House,
Virginia - Died of wounds on May 27, 1864
Battle Summary:
Spottsylvania Court House, VA., May 8-18, 1864. Army of the Potomac. At 3
p.m. on May 7, while the Army of the Potomac was still on the battle-field
of the Wilderness, a messenger arrived at Grant's headquarters with the
information that Gen. Butler, with the Army of the James, had landed at City
Point, completely surprising the Confederates there, and was ready to
advance on Richmond. Lee had retired behind his works, leaving open the road
to Richmond Round his right flank, and as soon as the intelligence of
Butler's successful beginning was received Grant issued orders for a night
march of the whole army toward Spottsylvania Court House. (For the
organization of the Army of the Potomac at this time see Wilderness.)
From the Wilderness a road ran east to Chancellorsville, where it was
intersected by another that ran southeast to Piney Branch Church. The Brock
Road Ran in a southeasterly direction to Spottsylvania and about 3 Miles
South of it, and nearly parallel to it, ran the Shady Grove road. The former
was in possession of the Federals as far as Todd's Tavern and the latter was
in the hands of the enemy. Beyond Todd's Tavern the Brock Road was
held by the Confederate Cavalry Under Stuart. From the tavern the Catharpin
road ran southwest and intersected the southern road at Shady Grove Church.
Gen. Warren, commanding the 5th corps was to move by the Brock Road and was
to be followed by Gen. Hancock with the 2nd corps, while the 6th and 9th
corps, respectively commanded by Gen. Sedgwick and Gen. Burnside, were
directed to move by way of Chancellorsville and Piney Branch Church. Gen.
Sheridan, commanding the cavalry, was ordered to "have a sufficient force on
the approaches from the right to keep the corps commanders advised in time
of the approach of the enemy." The trains and reserve artillery were moved
to Chancellorsville in the afternoon from which point they were to follow
the army. Nearly parallel to the course of the army ran the Po river on the
south. The Catharpin road crossed this river at Corbin's Bridge, the Shady
Grove road at what was known as the Block House bridge, and the road running
from Spottsylvania to Richmond crossed it at Snell's Bridge about 2 Miles
South of the Court House. Some controversy and criticism have been indulged
in as to why these bridges were not taken possession of by the Federal
Forces. Badeau, in his Military History of Grant, Says: "These Bridges were
of first importance for they commanded Lee's only approaches to
Spottsylvania, and Sheridan, who had been ordered to keep a good look-out
toward the enemy disposed his force so as to secure all three positions. * *
* Had these orders (Sheridan's) been carried out, every avenue to
Spottsylvania would have been closed to the rebel army." Sheridan's corps
consisted of the three divisions commanded by Gregg, Merritt and Wilson. His
instructions to Gregg, issued at 1 a.m on the 8th, show the disposition of
his forces with regard to the bridges. They were as follows: "Move with your
command at 5 a.m., on the Catharpin road crossing at Corbin's Bridge, and
taking position at Shady Grove Church. Gen. Merritt will follow you, and at
Shady Grove Church will take the left hand, or Block House road, moving
forward and taking up position at that point (viz., Block House).
Immediately after he has passed, you will move forward with your division,
on the same road to the crossing of the Po river, where you will take up
position supporting Gen. Merritt. Gen. Wilson with his division will march
from Alsop's by way of Spottsylvania Court House and the Gate to Snell's
Bridge, where he will take up position."
Before the hour fixed for the cavalry to Move, Corbin's Bridge and the Block
House bridge were both in the hands of the Enemy. Snell's Bridge was not
used by the Confederates, nor was any attempt made to use it, because it was
too far out of the way. When Lee Learned, on the afternoon of the 7th, of
the movement of the Federal trains, his first impression was that Grant was
falling back to Fredericksburg and determined to interpose a force between
him and Richmond. He therefore ordered Longstreets corps, now commanded by
Gen. R. H. Anderson, Longstreet Having been wounded in the battle of the
Wilderness, to move to Spottsylvania that night, to be followed by Ewell's
corps at daylight the next Morning. Anderson moved at 11 p.m. and at
daylight his advance had reached the Block House bridge. Had Gregg and
Merritt undertaken to carry out Sheridan's order, they would have
encountered this entire corps as it was marching along the Shady Grove road.
In fact they would have met the enemy before reaching that road, as Hampton
was on the Catharpin road between Corbin's Bridge and Todd's Tavern, Wilson
did move forward to Spottsylvania, where he found Wickham's brigade of
Fitzhugh Lee's Cavalry, which he drove from the town and held the Place for
two hours, when he was recalled by Sheridan Just as Wofford's and Bryan's
brigades of Anderson's Command were moving to attack him: It was not the
failure to carry out Sheridan's order regarding the bridges, but the
presence of Fitzhugh Lee's Cavalry on the Brock Road, that prevented the
Federals from gaining possession of Spottsylvania Court House. Warren moved
at 8:30 p.m. and was expected to reach the Court House by daylight on the
8th. At Todd's Tavern he was delayed for more than an hour by the
headquarters escort and 2 Miles farther on he encountered the enemy's
Cavalry. Merritt was directed to move forward and clear the road for the
infantry. The Confederates were forced back slowly, leaving the road
obstructed by fallen trees, so that Warren's progress was necessarily slow.
At 6 o'clock in the Morning Merritt was relieved by Robinson's division,
which succeeded After A Sharp contest in driving the enemy from the road,
but at this Hour Warren's advance was Still Several Miles from the Court
House.
At 8:30 A.M. Robinson came out of the Woods into the open fields. Of the
Alsop Farm, about half way between Todd's Tavern and Spottsylvania. Here the
Brock Road forked, the two branches coming together again about a mile
farther on. Robinson Took the left hand road, Denison's brigade on the
Right, Lyle's on the left and Coulter's (formerly Baxter's) on the left
rear. Griffin's division moved on the right fork with Bartlett's brigade in
line of battle in advance, the brigades of Ayres and Sweitzer following the
Road. Robinson reached the junction of the roads before Griffin, formed his
command in column of regiments and threw out a strong skirmish line in
front. Near the intersection of the Brock Road and the old Court House road
the former entered a piece of timber. When Robinson's advance was about 300
yards from this timber the enemy opened a heavy fire of artillery and
musketry upon the front and right from a line of intrenchments just inside
the Wood. Robinson was seriously wounded at the first fire and, the national
troops were forced back, closely pressed by the enemy, who tried to Turn
Lyle's Left, but was prevented from doing so by the prompt action of
Denison, who placed his brigade in the edge of the Wood where he checked the
further advance of the Confederates and finally compelled them to retire to
their Works. Soon After Robinson's division became engaged, Bartlett's line
of battle came under the enemy's fire when about half-way across the open
fields of the Alsop Farm. At first Bartlett's men gave way, but fortunately
just at that time Ayres' brigade occupied a sunken part of the road and
under cover of this position the line was reformed. Griffin then advanced
his whole division, Crawford came up with his division and drove the enemy
from the Woods on Griffin's left. The Confederate force with which Robinson
and Griffin had been engaged up to this time was Henagan's and Humphreys'
brigades of Kershaw's division, which had formed Anderson's advance on the
Shady Grove road. When Kershaw reached the Block House bridge about daylight
he heard the sound of the firing over on the Brock Road where Fitzhugh Lee
was engaged with Merritt and Robinson. Turning Sharply to the left with the
two brigades he reached the Woods Just as Lee was falling back, threw up
temporary breastworks and awaited the Federal advance. He was followed a
little later by Field's division, which came up on Griffin's right about the
time that Crawford was driving the enemy from the Woods. Cutler's division,
the last of Warren's Corps to arrive, came up in time to prevent Field from
turning Griffin's flank and drove him from the Woods After which the entire
corps was pushed forward as far as possible and intrenched, the 6th corps
coming up and intrenching on Warren's Left.
Hancock, who was expected to move with the 2nd corps at 10 p.m on the 7th,
was so delayed by other troops blocking the road that he did not begin his
march until daylight the next morning. At 9 a.m. the Head of his column
arrived at Todd's Tavern, where Gregg's Cavalry was found skirmishing with
that of the Enemy. Hancock threw forward a skirmish line to Relieve Gregg
and then posted his division with Mott Covering the Brock Road to the Right,
Barlow on Mott's Left, Gibbon Covering the Catharpin road and Birney in
reserve. About 11 A.M Miles' brigade of Barlow's division, one brigade of
Gregg's and a battery was sent on a reconnaissance Toward Corbin's Bridge.
When about half a mile from the bridge this force was opened upon by the
Confederate batteries on the hills south of the River. Miles ordered his
artillery to reply and formed his infantry in line of battle along a ridge
in the Wood, which position he held until about 5 p.m., when he was ordered
to return to the tavern. On the way back he was attacked by Mahone's brigade
of Hill's corps, which was then on the way to Spottsylvania. Miles repulsed
two spirited attacks, holding his ground until after dark, when he rejoined
the division. Gibbon's division was sent to the support of Warren and
Sedgwick in the afternoon, but the remainder of the 2nd corps did not move
toward Spottsylvania until about noon on the 9th. Then Birney and Barlow
moved down the road about a mile, where they took a road leading to the
right and joined Gibbon's division on the high ground overlooking the Po,
the three divisions going into line of battle facing the River. Mott's
division was moved from Todd's Tavern to the left of the 6th corps at
Alsop's. During the Day Burnside moved with the 9th corps from his position
near Chancellorsville down the Fredericksburg pike toward Spottsylvania. On
the march Willcox's division encountered and repulsed a small force at the
bridge over the Ny river, after which the command, Christ's brigade in
advance, pushed on and went into position about a mile east of the Court
House, where several assaults were repulsed during the afternoon, and where
the division finally intrenched. The presence of the enemy on the
Fredericksburg Road Led Burnside to report to Grant that Lee was moving
toward Fredericksburg and Hancock was directed to force a passage of the Po
for the purpose of making a reconnaissance on Lee's left. Although the
stream was difficult to Ford and the opposite bank was held by the enemy,
each of his three divisions succeeded in crossing and occupied the Shady
Grove road from Waite's Shop, at the Cross-Roads between the Po and Glady
Run, Toward the Block House bridge, which Hancock endeavored to seize, but
darkness came on before the movement could be executed. That Night Hancock
threw over three pontoon bridges for the passage of his artillery early the
next Morning.
Lee became alarmed by Hancock's Presence on his left and on the evening of
the 9th sent Mahone's division to hold the Shady Grove Road. Later Mahone
was reinforced by Heth's division. As soon as it was light enough to see on
the morning of the 1Oth, Hancock made a reconnaissance toward the Block
House bridge with the intention of forcing a passage across it, but found
the enemy strongly intrenched on the east bank. Concerning his movements in
trying to gain possession of the bridge he says in his report: "After a
careful survey had been made, I concluded not to attempt to carry the
bridge, but Sent Brooke's brigade, of Barlow's division down the river to
ascertain what could be effected there. Gen. Birney was directed to send
three or four regiments out on the Andrews' Tavern Road to Cover Brooke's
movement. Col. Brooke succeeded in crossing the river about half way between
the bridge and the mouth of Glady Run. * * * About this time I was informed
by the major-general commanding, that an assault was to be made on the
enemy's works on Laurel Hill, in front of Gen. Warren's position near
Alsop's house. I was directed to move two of my divisions to the left to
participate in it, and to assume command of the forces to be engaged in the
attack." Pursuant to this Order Gibbon was at once sent to the north bank of
the Po and formed his command on Warren's Right. Birney followed, leaving
Barlow to hold the ground on the south side of the river. As soon as the
enemy discovered that the Federals were recrossing the Po, he advanced in
force against Barlow, who was instructed to fall back across the pontoons.
The brigades of Brooke and Brown Took up a position along a wooded crest
about 100 yards in the rear of the Works Barlow had constructed, While Miles
and Smyth were ordered to fall back with their brigades to the bank of the
river. Mistaking the movement of Miles and Smyth for a forced retreat, the
Confederates advanced in line of battle supported by heavy columns and
attacked Brooke and Brown, but the assault was repulsed. A second attack was
made soon after and the combat became close and bloody, but again the enemy
was forced back. In the meantime the Woods on the right and rear of the
Union line had caught fire and the flames now came so near that it was
impossible for Brooke and Brown Longer to maintain their position. Taking
advantage of the lull that followed the second repulse of the enemy the two
brigades were withdrawn. This affair is known as the battle of Waite's Shop.
Miles' brigade was the last to Cross and as he was near the River Heth
attempted to Cross the open ground toward the pontoons, but was driven back
by the fire of Miles Men and the batteries on the north bank.
All through the forenoon of the 1Oth there were Sharp skirmishing and
artillery firing preparatory to the general attack which had been ordered
for the afternoon. Gen. Sedgwick had been killed on the 9th and the 6th
corps was now under command of Brig.-Gen. H. G. Wright. At 3:45 p.m. he was
ordered to attack the works in his front with his whole command and Mott's
division of the 2nd Corps. Warren was also ordered to assault the works near
the Alsop House with the divisions of Crawford and Cutler and the brigades
of Webb and Carroll of Gibbon's division. Carroll charged through a belt of
Burning Woods, the right of his line gaining the enemy's works and the whole
brigade pressing up to the abatis, only to be forced back by "such a
concentrated and murderous fire from two lines as to make the position
untenable." Warren was also repulsed with Heavy Loss, Gen. Rice commanding
one of Cutler's brigades being among the killed. Col. Emory Upton, with
twelve regiments of the 6th corps, gained the parapet and engaged in some
desperate hand-to-hand fighting, capturing several pieces of artillery and
about 1,000 prisoners. His assault was to have been supported by Mott's
division, but when Mott reached the open field he was met by an enfilading
fire from the enemy's batteries, which threw his line into confusion and
forced him to retire. The advantage gained by Upton was therefore of little
moment, for the Confederates fairly swarmed against him, compelling him to
abandon the captured cannon and fall back, though he succeeded in bringing
in the most of his prisoners. Altogether the attack was a failure.
Lee's line extended from the Block House bridge northeast across the Brock
Road to the watershed between the Po and Ny rivers, nearly north of the
Court House, where it turned sharply to the south, the Right Being Near
Snell's Bridge. From his right center the works were thrown forward in a
horseshoe salient around the crest of a spur between two small tributaries
of the Ny river. Ewell's corps occupied the salient, Anderson's extended the
line to the right and Hill's to the left. Directly. north of the salient,
and about three-fourths of a mile distant, was the Brown House, While inside
the enemy's works on the spur within the angle stood the McCool House. Very
little fighting was done on the 11th, the Day Being Spent in preparations
for an assault on the salient at daylight the next Morning. Mott made an
attempt to drive in the enemy's skirmishers in order to develop the Weak
Place in the Confederate works, but the effort was only partially
successful. Wright was instructed to extend his left and concentrate on that
Wing. Hancock moved his entire corps after dark to the vicinity of the Brown
House, and was to lead the assault. Warren was to hold the position vacated
by the 2nd corps, and when Hancock Began his Attack Warren on the right and
Burnside on the left were to engage the enemy in their fronts to prevent
reinforcements from being sent to the salient. Hancock was to advance on a
line drawn from the Brown House to the McCool House. The night of the 11th
was dark and stormy, but the troops of the 2nd corps took their positions
quietly and promptly, fully aware of the desperate character of the work
awaiting them. Barlow's division in two massed lines was placed on the
cleared ground which extended up to the enemy's line; Birney's was formed in
two deployed lines on Barlow's Right; Mott's division was in the rear of
Birney, and Gibbon's was in reserve. The assault was to have been made at 4
o'clock but owing to a dense fog it was 35 minutes later before Hancock Gave
the order to advance. With even pace the troops moved forward in column and
when about half way up the slope broke into a cheer, dashed forward on the
double-quick through the abatis and over the Works. Hancock describes the
action here as follows: "Barlow's and Birney's divisions entered almost at
the same moment, striking the enemy's line at A Sharp salient immediately in
front of the Landrum House. A Fierce and bloody fight ensued in the works
with bayonets and clubbed muskets. It was short, however, and resulted in
the capture of nearly 4,000 prisoners of Johnson's division, of Ewell's
corps, 20 pieces of artillery, with horses, caissons and material complete,
several thousand stand of small arms, and upward of 30 colors. Among the
prisoners were Maj.-Gen. Edward Johnson and Brig.-Gen. George H. Steuart, of
the Confederate service. The enemy fled in great disorder."
So far the assault had been a success. Elated by their victory, the Union
troops pursued the flying Confederates toward Spottsylvania until they
encountered a second line, the presence of which was unknown to Hancock or
any of his officers. This line was held by Gordon, who checked the rush of
the Federals and Gave Lee an opportunity to push reinforcements into the
Angle. Lee was further aided at this critical moment by the necessity of
reforming the Union lines, as in the impetuous charge and pursuit
practically all semblance of a regular formation had been lost. The
divisions of Mahone and Wilcox came up from the right and advanced against
the 2nd corps before the disorder of its success could be overcome, driving
Hancock's Men Back to the first line of works, where they were reinforced by
Wright, with Russell's and Wheaton's divisions of the 6th corps( which came
up on the right and vigorously assaulted the West Angle of the salient.
Again there was some stubborn hand-to-hand fighting in which Wright was
wounded, though he remained with his men, cheering them on, and through the
heroic efforts of Upton's brigade the line was held against the repeated and
determined attempts of the Confederates to regain it. Hancock ordered his
artillery to the high ground near the Landrum House and throughout the Day
charges of canister were fired over the heads of the Union troops into the
enemy's line of battle. On Hancock's Left Burnside assaulted the Confederate
works at 4:30 a.m. and in half an hour had carried two lines of rifle-pits.
Stevenson's and Potter's divisions then moved against the main line of
works, a portion of which was carried by Potter, who captured A Number of
prisoners and a battery of 2 guns, but was unable to hold his advantage and
was finally forced to retire with heavy loss. Several subsequent attacks
were made by the two divisions, and also by Willcox's on the extreme left,
but none succeeded in driving the enemy from his position. The persistent
hammering of Burnside, however, prevented the enemy from withdrawing troops
in his front to hurl against Hancock and Wright. About 9 o'clock Warren was
directed to attack the enemy on his front, but upon attempting to advance
his line was subjected to a heavy enfilading fire and he was forced back.
Cutler's division was then sent to Wright and later the whole corps was
withdrawn from its position and thrown to the left, where it became engaged
against the West Angle, but failed to carry the works. The firing was so
heavy and constant that several oak trees inside the salient, some of them
nearly 2 feet in diameter, were literally gnawed off by the bullets. Late in
the Day Lee Gave up the idea of trying to recapture the outer line of works
and retired to Gordon's line, half a mile to the rear, where he strengthened
his position during the night. The losses on both sides were so heavy during
the action that the salient has passed into history as the "Bloody Angle."
The attack on the 12th was the last of the hard fighting about Spottsylvania.
Hancock was ordered to hold his corps in readiness to renew the assault at 4
o'clock the next morning, but owing to a dark and rainy night the other
commands were not in position at the appointed hour to support him and the
attack was abandoned. Artillery firing was kept up from the 13th to the
18th, chiefly to cover the movement of the army to a position covering the
Fredericksburg road on Lee's right, and there was a slight skirmish Near
Piney Branch Church on the 15th. In his report Grant Says: "Deeming it
impracticable to make any further attack upon the enemy at Spottsylvania
Court House, orders were issued on the 18th with a view to a movement to the
North Anna, to commence at 12 o'clock on the night of the 19th." This
movement was interfered with by Ewell Coming out of his works late on the
afternoon of the 19th and attacking the Federal right near the Harris Farm
on the Fredericksburg road north of the Ny river. The attack was promptly
repulsed, but it delayed the movement to the North Anna until the night of
the 21st.
The Union loss at Spottsylvania, during the ten days fighting, was 2,725
killed, 13,416 wounded and 2,258 missing. The Confederate losses were not
officially reported and various estimates have been made, some of which
Place the total in killed, wounded and missing as high as 15,000. Maj. Jed
Hotchkiss, who was topographer for Lee's army and author of the Virginia
Volume of the Confederate Military History, places the total loss at 8,000
and significantly adds: "but these were 18 per cent of the army."
Source: The Union Army, vol. 6
